Summary
If you are searching what causes melasma, you may have noticed dark patches developing on your cheeks, forehead, or upper lip and are unsure why they appeared. Melasma is a common pigmentation condition triggered primarily by hormonal changes and sun exposure. It is medically harmless but can be persistent. Understanding what activates melasma is the first step toward controlling it effectively and preventing recurrence.
What Is Melasma?
Melasma is a form of hyperpigmentation caused by overactive melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin.
It most commonly appears on:
- Cheeks
- Forehead
- Upper lip
- Nose
- Jawline
The patches are usually symmetrical and range from light brown to grey-brown.
Melasma is not an infection, not contagious, and not cancerous. It is a pigment regulation disorder influenced by internal and external triggers.
What Causes Melasma on the Face
Melasma develops when melanocytes become overstimulated and produce excess melanin.
Main triggers include:
- Hormonal changes
- Ultraviolet (UV) exposure
- Genetic predisposition
- Heat exposure
- Skin inflammation
In most cases, melasma is caused by a combination of these factors rather than a single trigger.
What Hormone Causes Melasma?
Melasma is strongly influenced by oestrogen and progesterone.
These hormones increase melanocyte sensitivity, meaning pigment-producing cells react more intensely to sunlight and heat.
This is why melasma is more common in women, especially during:
- Pregnancy
- Birth control use
- Hormonal fluctuations
Hormones don’t directly create pigment but make your skin more reactive to triggers like UV exposure.
Does Birth Control Cause Melasma?
Yes, birth control pills can trigger melasma in some individuals.
They contain synthetic hormones that may stimulate pigmentation in people who are genetically predisposed.
It is important not to stop medication abruptly. A GP or specialist should be consulted to discuss alternatives safely.
Even if hormonal contraception is adjusted, strict sun protection remains essential.
What Is Pregnancy Melasma?
Pregnancy melasma, also known as the “mask of pregnancy,” occurs due to increased hormone levels.
It usually appears during the second or third trimester and commonly affects:
- Forehead
- Cheeks
- Upper lip
In many cases, it fades after delivery, but some skin sensitivity to sunlight may remain.
Can Men Get Melasma?
Yes, men can develop melasma, although it is less common.
Around 10% of cases occur in men, usually due to:
- Sun exposure
- Genetics
- Heat
- Certain medications
Because it is less expected, it may sometimes go undiagnosed initially.
Is Melasma Dangerous?
Melasma is not dangerous.
It does not turn into skin cancer and does not cause physical harm. However, it can:
- Affect confidence
- Cause emotional stress
- Be difficult to treat without guidance
If pigmentation looks irregular, changes rapidly, or appears asymmetrical, it should still be checked by a specialist.
Why Does Sun Exposure Trigger Melasma?
Ultraviolet (UV) light is the strongest trigger for melasma.
Even small amounts of daily sunlight can stimulate melanocytes and worsen pigmentation.
Visible light and heat can also contribute, not just direct sunlight.
Daily SPF 50 sunscreen is essential, even in the UK climate.
Can Stress Cause Melasma?
Stress does not directly cause melasma, but it can contribute indirectly.
Chronic stress affects hormonal balance and inflammation, which may increase skin sensitivity and pigmentation risk.
Managing stress supports overall skin health, but it is not a standalone treatment.
What Makes Melasma Worse?
Melasma often worsens due to:
- Skipping sunscreen
- Harsh skincare products
- Aggressive chemical peels
- Heat exposure
- DIY acid treatments
- Inconsistent routines
Inflammation increases pigmentation, so gentle treatment is always safer.
Who Is More Likely to Develop Melasma?
You may be at higher risk if you have:
- Female gender
- Pregnancy
- Hormonal contraception use
- Family history
- Medium to darker skin types
- High cumulative sun exposure
Genetics plays a strong role in how your skin reacts to triggers.
When Should You See a Dermatologist?
You should seek professional advice if:
- Pigmentation spreads quickly
- You are unsure about the diagnosis
- Over-the-counter treatments are not working
- The condition affects your confidence
A dermatologist can confirm the condition and create a personalised treatment plan.
At London Dermatology Clinics, melasma evaluation focuses on identifying triggers and supporting long-term skin stability.
Final Thoughts
If you are wondering what causes melasma, it is usually a combination of hormones and sun exposure.
Melasma is not harmful, but it can be persistent. Understanding triggers is key to preventing worsening and maintaining control.
With proper diagnosis, sun protection, and structured treatment, melasma can be managed effectively over time.
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FAQs
Melasma is mainly caused by hormonal changes and sun exposure, which overstimulate pigment-producing cells in the skin.
Melasma is managed with sun protection, medical skincare, and dermatologist-guided treatments rather than quick removal.
Daily SPF 50 sunscreen, avoiding heat exposure, and using gentle skincare can help prevent melasma from worsening.
In some cases, especially after pregnancy, melasma may fade, but most cases require treatment for visible improvement.
There is no direct food cause, but an unhealthy, inflammatory diet may indirectly affect skin health.
